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Can You Perform a Ritual for Someone Else? The Line That Actually Matters

Yes, and consent is the wrong test for it. What decides is whether the work needs the other person to do something they have not chosen to do.

Older woman sitting alone at a dark wooden table, hands clasped in front of her, an empty chair beside her

Almost every page that answers this question answers it with a rule about consent — ask them first, or don't do it. That rule is fine advice and it falls apart the moment you actually need it, because the people we most want to work for are the ones who cannot be asked: the newborn, the parent in a hospital bed, the friend who would be frightened by the question. This article replaces the consent test with one that survives those cases, and is honest about where it stops.

Quick answer

Yes - ritual work for another person is one of the oldest and most widely practiced things in this field, and it does not require their permission to be honest. The line is not consent, which fails the moment you need it most: a newborn, a parent in surgery and the dead cannot be asked. The line is whether the work needs the other person to do something they have not chosen to do. Write the request as one sentence and ask exactly that. If the answer is nothing, you are working for them. If it names an action of theirs - stop, leave, forgive, call, agree, come back - you are working at them, and that is a binding wearing a kinder word. No ritual can change another person's mind, habits or feelings. And if someone told you there is a curse on your family that only their rising fees can lift, that is the most prosecuted script in this trade, not ritual work.

Evidence
Verified

The largest randomized trial of intercessory prayer (1,802 cardiac bypass patients, six hospitals) found no difference in complications between patients prayed for and patients not prayed for

Source/tradition: Benson et al. (2006), American Heart Journal 151(4), 934-942

Verified

A systematic review of intercessory prayer trials concluded the evidence supports no recommendation either for or against the practice

Source/tradition: Roberts, Ahmed, Hall & Davison (2009), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews CD000368

Verified

Providing practical and emotional support to others predicted lower mortality over five years; receiving support showed no comparable effect

Source/tradition: Brown, Nesse, Vinokur & Smith (2003), Psychological Science 14(4), 320-327

Verified

Performing a ritual after a loss reduced self-reported grief, mediated by a restored sense of control, including among people who did not believe rituals work

Source/tradition: Norton & Gino (2014), Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 143(1), 266-272

Traditional

Practitioners taking paid commissions concerning absent third parties, including restoring or breaking up other people's relationships, is documented in the earliest American field records

Source/tradition: Hurston (1931), Journal of American Folklore 44(174), 318-417; Hyatt (1970-1978), fieldwork 1936-1940

Traditional

Intercession - one person petitioning on behalf of another, usually absent and usually without formal permission - is standard practice across most major religious traditions

Source/tradition: Broadly documented religious practice; no efficacy claim attached

Lived practice

The Verb Test - writing the request as one sentence and asking what the other person would have had to do that they have not chosen - as a sorting tool before third-party work

Source/tradition: Temple of Desire working practice; no study support claimed

Not proven

That a ritual can cause a third person to stop a habit, leave a relationship, forgive, return or otherwise change a decision they have not made

Source/tradition: No evidence supports this and we make no such claim

Not proven

That a curse on a client's family requires escalating payments, or money physically handled by the practitioner, to be lifted

Source/tradition: Documented structure of prosecuted fraud; U.S. Attorney's Office S.D. Fla., December 8, 2022

VERIFIED = verifiable in scientific or official sources · TRADITIONAL = historically or culturally recorded · LIVED PRACTICE = widely practiced, experiential knowledge · NOT PROVEN = spiritual interpretation, not scientifically established.

Quick answer

Yes — ritual work done for another person is one of the oldest and most widely practiced things in this field, and it does not require their permission to be honest. Protection, blessing, cleansing a shared home, and accompaniment through something hard have been done on behalf of absent people for as long as there are records of anyone doing anything.

The line is not consent. The line is whether the work needs the other person to do something they have not chosen to do. Write your request as one sentence and ask exactly that. If the answer is "nothing," you are working for them. If the answer names an action of theirs — stop, leave, forgive, call, agree — you are working at them, and that is a binding wearing a kinder word.

No ritual, ours or anyone else's, can make another person change their mind, their habits, or their feelings. And if someone has told you there is a curse on your family that only their escalating fees can lift, you are not looking at ritual work. You are looking at the single most prosecuted script in this trade.

The question people actually arrive with

Search engines see this question in a dozen forms. Can you do a spell for someone else. Can I do a protection ritual for my child. Is it wrong to do a ritual for someone without them knowing. Underneath all of them is usually the same situation, and it is rarely a magical one.

Someone you love is in trouble, and the trouble is not yours to fix. Your daughter is driving across three states tomorrow. Your father is having surgery on Thursday. Your brother has been unemployed for eight months and has stopped answering the phone. You are not asking a technical question about ritual mechanics. You are asking whether there is anything at all you are allowed to do from here.

The answer is yes, and it is worth saying plainly before any of the qualifications: the impulse to do something for a person who cannot be reached is not superstition, and it is not a failure of acceptance. It is the oldest religious behavior there is. Intercession — asking on behalf of someone else — sits at the center of nearly every tradition that has prayer in it at all, and it has never required the other person to sign anything.

The qualifications matter anyway, because the same impulse is what the fraud industry in this field is built on, and because some of what people ask for under the word "help" is not help.

Why "did they consent?" collapses as a test

The standard answer online is a consent rule. Ask them first. If you cannot ask them, do not do it. It is a decent instinct, borrowed from medical ethics, and it is unusable here for a simple reason: it returns the wrong answer in most of the cases people actually face.

Consider four of them.

The infant. A newborn cannot consent to anything. Under a strict consent rule, a parent may not light a candle for their own child — a conclusion no tradition on earth has ever reached, and one that would rule out baptism, naming ceremonies, and every blessing said over a crib in human history.

The unconscious. Your mother is in surgery. She cannot be asked. The consent rule says stop; every instinct you have says otherwise, and the instinct is right.

The person you would frighten. Your friend is going through something serious and does not share your practice. Asking "may I do a protection working for you" does not obtain consent so much as inform them that you believe they need one. Sometimes the asking is itself the harm.

The dead. Ancestor work is third-party work by definition. Nobody consents.

A test that forbids blessing a baby, praying for someone in surgery, and honoring your own grandmother is not a strict test. It is a broken one. And in practice nobody applies it strictly — they apply it until it becomes inconvenient, which means it is doing no work at all. Worse, a consent rule is trivially satisfied by the requests that ought to fail: someone who wants a named ex to come back can always say, truthfully, that they once had that person's permission for something.

So the consent question needs replacing, not loosening. What follows is what we use instead.

The Verb Test

Write your request as one sentence, in plain words, as if telling a friend. Then find the verb and ask one question about it:

If this came true, what would the other person have had to do that they have not already chosen to do?

If the honest answer is nothing, the work is for them. "My daughter arrives safely." "My father is not frightened on Thursday morning." "This house is quiet enough for my partner to sleep." Nobody has to be moved, persuaded, softened or steered for those sentences to become true. They describe a state of affairs, not an act of somebody else's will.

If the honest answer names something they would have to do — stop drinking, leave him, forgive me, call, agree, come back — the work is aimed at them. It is structurally identical to a binding, whatever the intention behind it, and intention is not what makes the difference. A parent who wants their adult son to stop drinking loves him more than anyone alive. The love is real; the request is still an instruction addressed to another person's will, and it is still not something a ritual can carry out.

The obvious objection, and the fix. You can cheat this test with grammar. "He stops drinking" becomes "he is sober," and suddenly there is no verb of his in the sentence. Which is why the test is not about grammar. Run it on the outcome, not the wording: if this sentence came true tomorrow, what would he have had to do? He would have had to stop drinking. The sentence changed; the request did not. The Verb Test fails cleanly when you are honest with it and passes trivially when you are not, which is the only kind of self-administered test worth having.

A useful rule of thumb falls out of this: honest third-party work is written in states, not in another person's actions. Safety, quiet, comfort, protection, an open road, not being alone — these are conditions. Deciding, leaving, forgiving, returning — these belong to somebody who is not in the room.

The related question of whose name belongs in a working — and what happens when you delete it — we handle separately in love spells and consent. That article sorts love work. This one sorts everything else you might want to do for a person who is not there.

Leif Daniel performing a ritual at a dark altar over a burning brass bowl

When the work is for someone else, and you want it done properly

Work on behalf of another person is exactly the situation people ask us to take on most often — a parent, a child, a partner going through something. With Ritual by a Master's Hand, you describe what is happening and Leif Daniel plans and performs the ritual himself, at his own altar. He will tell you before he starts if what you have asked for is aimed at the other person rather than for them, and what the honest version would be instead. Afterwards you receive a written report of what was done and why, plus a personal voice message.

$397 · performed by him, not by you · written report and voice message afterwards

See what is included

Ten requests, sorted

These are the forms the question actually arrives in. The middle column is the Verb Test applied. Two rows have no honest ritual answer at all, and saying so is the point of including them. Where the right-hand column calls for protection of a home you share with the person, the practical mechanics are set out in how to ward your home.

How the request arrives What they would have to do For / At What honest work can be
"Keep my daughter safe on the drive tomorrow" Nothing. She has already chosen to drive For Protection work tied to the departure date, done the night before
"Make my son stop drinking" Stop, which he has not chosen At Nothing, honestly. What is available is work on your own footing, alongside real support for families
"Bless my friend's new house" Nothing For A house blessing, ideally with their yes, since you will be standing in their home
"Get my husband to forgive me" Forgive, which is his to give At Work on what you will say and when you will say it. The apology is the working
"Protect my mother while she is in the hospital" Nothing For Accompaniment and comfort work, entirely alongside her medical care and never instead of it
"Make my sister leave her boyfriend" Leave, which she has not chosen At Declined. The honest work is on what you will and will not do, and on staying reachable
"Open the road for my brother's job search" Apply and interview — both already chosen For Road-opening work tied to actions he is already taking, not to any employer's decision
"Make my ex think about me" Think, which is not reachable by anyone At Nothing. This is the request with the largest documented fraud attached to it
"Quiet the house so my partner sleeps" Nothing For Cleansing work on the room, plus the unglamorous physical causes first
"Remove the curse from my family" Nothing — but ask who told you there was one Check first If the claim came from whoever wants paying to lift it, stop there and read the section below

The Standing-Beside Test

The Verb Test sorts the structure. There is a second question, cruder and faster, that catches what the first one misses — the requests that pass on paper but would not survive daylight.

Picture the person standing next to you while the work is done. Not being told about it afterwards, not having agreed in advance. Simply there, in the room, watching.

For protection over a child, a blessing on a friend's house, comfort for someone facing surgery, the picture is unremarkable. You would probably prefer them there. Many people do exactly this and call it a prayer.

Now try it with the other list. Your sister watching you work on her leaving her boyfriend. Your ex watching you work on being thought about. The room empties immediately, and that emptying is information. Work you would only ever do in an empty room is work aimed at the person, not for them.

Note what this test is not asking. It is not asking whether you told them, or whether you would want to. Plenty of legitimate work goes untold, for good reasons — a person who does not share your practice, a person too ill to be burdened, a person whose pride is already bruised. Privacy is not the problem. The problem is when the secrecy is load-bearing: when the work would not function, socially or ethically, if the subject knew. That is a different thing entirely, and you can feel the difference immediately when you run the picture.

Temple Tip: put your own name in the sentence

Before you do anything for a third person, write one more line and keep it with the first: what I will do about this myself. Drive her to the airport. Call him on Sunday whether or not he picks up. Sit with your father the night before. It sounds like a footnote and it is the load-bearing part — because ritual work for someone else, done alone, has a way of quietly becoming the thing you do instead of the harder ordinary thing. The rule in this house is that the working never stands by itself. If the second line is blank, the first line is avoidance wearing good clothes.

What the tradition actually contains

An honest article cannot pretend the historical record only holds the gentle version. It does not.

Zora Neale Hurston's fieldwork in New Orleans, published as Hoodoo in America (1931, Journal of American Folklore 44/174, 318–417), describes working practitioners taking commissions about third parties as ordinary business — one specialist in court cases, another in restoring broken relations or breaking them up if a client wished it. Harry Middleton Hyatt's five volumes of interviews, collected between 1936 and 1940, are full of the same. Work aimed at an absent person, without that person's knowledge, is not a modern corruption of a purer tradition. It is documented from the beginning, and anyone who tells you otherwise has not read the sources.

What follows from that is a choice, not a discovery. The tradition contains both kinds of work; we decline one of them. Not because it is inauthentic — it is entirely authentic — but because a claim about what another person will do can never be checked by you, by us, or by anyone, which makes it the perfect product and a terrible service. We wrote out that reasoning in full in our piece on how to spot a fake spell caster.

The other half of the tradition is enormous and mostly unremarkable. Intercessory prayer — one person asking on behalf of another, usually absent, usually without formal permission — is standard practice across Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and most of what sits outside those. Candles lit for the sick. Names read aloud. Blessings said over sleeping children. If third-party work were genuinely forbidden, most of the world's religious practice would have to go with it.

What the evidence supports, and what it does not

This is the part most pages on this subject skip, so we will be specific.

On whether ritual at a distance changes the other person's body or circumstances: the evidence is against it. The largest and most carefully designed trial of intercessory prayer, led by Herbert Benson and colleagues (2006, American Heart Journal 151(4), 934–942), followed 1,802 cardiac bypass patients across six hospitals. Among patients uncertain whether they were being prayed for, complications occurred in 52 percent of those who received intercessory prayer and 51 percent of those who did not. Patients who were certain they were being prayed for did somewhat worse, at 59 percent — a result the authors did not treat as evidence that prayer harms anyone, and neither do we, though it is a caution about telling someone they are the subject of urgent spiritual intervention. The 2009 Cochrane systematic review of intercessory prayer reached the same place from a wider base: the evidence supports no recommendation for or against, and the reviewers suggested research money would be better spent elsewhere.

We are quoting the strongest available evidence against the mechanism people most want to believe in. That is deliberate. If we cited only what flattered us, nothing else here would be worth your time.

On whether doing something for another person does anything: the evidence is good, and it is about you. Stephanie Brown and colleagues (2003, Psychological Science 14(4), 320–327) followed older married adults over five years and found that reported mortality was significantly lower among those who provided practical support to friends, relatives and neighbors, and emotional support to a spouse. Receiving support showed no comparable effect once giving was accounted for. Separately, Michael Norton and Francesca Gino (2014, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 143(1), 266–272) found that performing a ritual after a loss reduced self-reported grief, mediated by a restored sense of control, and that it worked even for people who did not believe rituals work.

Read together, those findings say something precise and worth having. Acting on behalf of someone you love is measurably good for the person acting. That is not the claim people come here hoping for, and it is the one that holds up.

The hard case: a child, or someone who cannot consent

Here is where the consent framework fails hardest, and where "just ask them" is not advice but an evasion. A four-year-old cannot consent. A parent with advanced dementia cannot consent. Someone in an induced coma cannot consent.

The honest standard for these cases is not consent. It is guardianship — and you already operate under it. You decide, without asking, when your child sleeps, which doctor they see, which school they attend, what is said over them at night. Nobody considers this a violation, because guardianship is a real and limited authority: it covers care, protection and provision, and it stops at the point where you would be overriding who the person is or what they want.

Applied here, that gives a workable rule with two halves.

Inside the authority: protection, blessing, comfort, cleansing the home they live in, work tied to a passage they are going through — a first day of school, a surgery date, a move. These are the ritual equivalents of locking the door and leaving the hall light on.

Outside it: anything meant to change what the person wants, believes, or decides. A teenager's choice of friends. An adult child's religion. A partner's mind about the relationship. Guardianship over a child's safety was never authority over a child's will, and the fact that they cannot object is the reason for more restraint, not less.

One line is absolute and sits above all of this. No ritual replaces medical care, for a child or for anyone. If a person is sick, injured, or in danger, the ritual is something you may do alongside a doctor, an ambulance, or emergency services — never instead of them, and never as a reason to delay. Nothing in this article is medical advice, and any practitioner who suggests their work substitutes for treatment has told you everything you need to know about them.

A sick relative: what this work is, and is not

This is the most common request that reaches us, so it deserves its own plain statement.

We do not perform healing work and we make no claims about anyone's health. What we do, and what the long tradition behind it actually is, is accompaniment: marking the date, holding the vigil, giving the family something to do with their hands during the hours when there is nothing to do. That is comfort work for the people who are waiting. It is real, it has a long history, and the research above suggests it does something measurable for them.

It is not treatment, it is not a second opinion, and it is not a reason to postpone a phone call to a doctor. If anyone offers you ritual work for a sick person framed as a cure, an alternative, or a race against the clock, that is not a practitioner with an unusual specialty. That is the oldest pressure tactic in the file.

If you are considering commissioning this kind of work rather than doing it yourself, what to expect when someone performs a ritual for you sets out what the process should look like from your side — the intake, what you should receive afterwards, and where to walk away.

Working for the dead

Ancestor work is third-party work in its purest form, and it raises none of the problems above for an obvious reason: the Verb Test comes back empty every time. There is nothing the dead can be made to do, so nothing can be aimed at them. What remains is what this kind of work always was — remembrance, attention, and keeping a relationship in repair.

We have written that out separately, in how to honor an ancestor whose grave you cannot visit and in cleansing a home after a death in the family. One caution belongs here rather than there: work that promises to deliver a message from the dead, or to obtain their forgiveness on a schedule, has left remembrance and entered the territory of the next section.

When they have told you not to

Short section, because it is a short answer.

If the person has explicitly asked you not to do this — not "wouldn't understand," not "hasn't been told," but has said no — then the answer is no. Not because a rule forbids it, but because you now have the one thing the whole consent debate was missing: an actual statement from the actual person. Overriding that is not a gray area, whatever the work is for. It is the point at which "for them" has stopped being true by their own account, and yours is not the account that counts.

The unaskable beneficiary: why this is the scammer's favorite territory

There is a structural reason fraud in this field concentrates on work for third parties, and once you see it you will spot the script from a long way off.

When the work is for you, you are at least in a position to notice that nothing has changed. When the work is for somebody else — your family, your bloodline, your late mother, your child's future — the beneficiary cannot be consulted. They do not know they are the subject. They cannot be asked whether anything improved. Any change in their life can be credited to the work, and any absence of change can be explained as the curse being deeper than first thought. A beneficiary who cannot be asked is a claim that can never come back negative, which is exactly what an open-ended payment schedule requires.

The federal record is blunt about how this runs. In a case prosecuted in the Southern District of Florida, Samantha Stevens met a woman in Miami in 2012 while presenting herself as a psychic, gained her trust, and convinced her that a curse had been placed on her and her family. Lifting it, the victim was told, required rituals performed on large sums of money; failing to do so would bring harm to her and her family. Over several years the victim handed over more than $3 million. The scheme ended in 2016 when she could no longer pay and Stevens cut off contact. Stevens was sentenced to 30 months and her co-defendant Michael Paul Guzman to 38 months, with $3.198 million in restitution ordered (U.S. Attorney's Office, S.D. Fla., December 8, 2022).

Note which details do the work in that account. The curse was on her family — people who were never present, never consulted, never able to report that they felt fine. The remedy required money to be physically handled. The threat was to the same absent family. Every element is chosen to make the claim unfalsifiable and the payments recurring.

So three questions, for any offer of work on behalf of someone else:

  • Who first said the problem existed? If the person who diagnosed the curse is also the person selling its removal, you have not received a diagnosis. You have received a sales call.
  • Does the price go up as the work goes on? Honest work is quoted once, before it begins. Escalation — a bigger working, a stronger candle, a larger sum to be cleansed — is the documented signature of this fraud, not a sign of seriousness.
  • Is money itself part of the ritual? Cash, gold, or jewelry that must be handed over, mailed, or "cleansed" and returned is not a technique anyone needs. There is no tradition in which your savings must physically be in the practitioner's hands.

If those questions cost you a good practitioner, you have lost very little. They cost a fraudulent one everything, which is why they are worth asking out loud.

For them, or at them? A short check

Voices from practice

We do not publish invented testimonials, so these are stated the only honest way: as patterns practitioners in this field commonly report, not as quotations from named customers.

  • The most frequent request practitioners describe receiving is a parent asking for work on an adult child. In the majority of those conversations, what is actually being described is a parent who has run out of ordinary moves and needs somewhere to put the worry — which is a real need, and a different one from what was asked for.
  • Practitioners report that the single sentence people find hardest to write is the one about themselves. Asked what they will do about the situation personally, a substantial share of requests go quiet, and some do not come back.
  • A pattern worth naming as a warning: people arriving after having paid someone else for family curse removal almost always describe the curse as having been first mentioned by that same person, and almost never by anyone with nothing to sell.

What we don't promise

We sell ritual work, so you are entitled to know where we stop.

We do not claim that any ritual changes another person's choices, feelings, habits or health, and we will not take work aimed at doing so. We make no claims about anyone's medical condition, recovery or prognosis, and nothing here is medical, psychological or legal advice. We do not promise that work performed for a third person will produce any outcome in that person's life, because we would be inventing it, and because the strongest evidence available — which we cited above rather than hiding — points the other way.

What we do promise is narrow and checkable. Tell us what is happening, and you will be told before we begin whether what you have asked for is for the person or aimed at them. If it is aimed at them, we will say so and decline that part. If we take the work, you receive a written record of what was done, when, and why. That is a record, not a result.

Practically: how to work with this

  1. Write the request as one sentence, plainly, as you would say it to a friend.
  2. Run the Verb Test. If it came true tomorrow, what would they have had to do that they have not chosen?
  3. If the answer names an action of theirs, rewrite it as a state — safety, quiet, comfort, an open road — and check that the rewrite is honest rather than cosmetic.
  4. Run the Standing-Beside Test on whatever survived. If the room has to be empty, the request has not survived.
  5. Write the second line: the ordinary thing you will do yourself, with a date on it.
  6. If they can consent and it would not frighten them, ask. Not as a rule, but because it is usually better, and because their yes changes what is possible.
  7. If they cannot consent, apply the guardianship limit: care, protection, comfort — never their will.
  8. If anyone charged you for a problem they also diagnosed, stop there and deal with that before anything else.

Frequently asked questions

Can you perform a ritual for someone else?

Yes. Work done on behalf of an absent person is documented across almost every tradition that has ritual in it at all, and it does not require their permission to be honest. The limit is not consent but direction: if the result would require the other person to do something they have not chosen to do, the work is aimed at them rather than done for them, and that is a binding under a kinder name.

Is it wrong to do a ritual for someone without them knowing?

Not in itself. A great deal of legitimate work goes untold, for good reasons, and a strict consent rule would rule out blessing a baby or praying for someone in surgery. The question to ask instead is whether the secrecy is load-bearing: would the work still make sense, socially and ethically, if the person were standing beside you while it was done? If it would not, the secrecy is not privacy. It is the point.

Can I do a protection ritual for my child?

Yes, and a child's inability to consent is not the obstacle it first appears to be. Parents already act for children without asking, under an authority that covers care, protection and provision. Protection, blessing, comfort and cleansing the home fall inside that authority. Work meant to change what the child wants, believes or decides falls outside it, and the fact that they cannot object is a reason for more restraint rather than less.

Can a ritual make someone come back, forgive me, or change their mind?

No, and we will not take that work. Every one of those outcomes requires a decision from a person who has not made it, which puts it outside what ritual can honestly be aimed at, and it is also the single request with the largest documented fraud attached to it. What is available instead is work on your own footing and on what you will actually do next, which is the part you can act on.

Can you do a ritual for a sick family member?

We do comfort and accompaniment work for the people who are waiting, and we make no claims whatsoever about anyone's health, recovery or prognosis. No ritual replaces medical care, and it is never a reason to delay a doctor or emergency services. Anyone offering ritual work for a sick person as a cure, an alternative or a race against time has told you what they are.

Someone told me my family is cursed and wants payment to remove it. What should I do?

Stop paying and ask who first said the curse existed. If the person who diagnosed it is also the person selling its removal, that is the documented structure of a prosecuted federal fraud rather than a practitioner's finding. Two further markers: a price that rises as the work continues, and money, gold or jewelry that must be physically handed over or mailed to be cleansed. No tradition requires your savings to be in someone else's hands.

Sources and further reading

  • Benson, H., Dusek, J. A., Sherwood, J. B., et al. (2006). Study of the Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer (STEP) in cardiac bypass patients. American Heart Journal, 151(4), 934–942. — 1,802 patients, six hospitals; complications in 52% of those prayed for versus 51% of those not, among patients uncertain of their group.
  • Roberts, L., Ahmed, I., Hall, S., & Davison, A. (2009). Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD000368. — Evidence supports no recommendation for or against.
  • Brown, S. L., Nesse, R. M., Vinokur, A. D., & Smith, D. M. (2003). Providing social support may be more beneficial than receiving it. Psychological Science, 14(4), 320–327. — Mortality lower among those giving practical and emotional support; receiving showed no comparable effect.
  • Norton, M. I., & Gino, F. (2014). Rituals alleviate grieving for loved ones, lovers, and lotteries. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(1), 266–272.
  • Hurston, Z. N. (1931). Hoodoo in America. Journal of American Folklore, 44(174), 318–417. — Fieldwork from 1927 onward; describes practitioners taking commissions concerning third parties as routine work.
  • Hyatt, H. M. (1970–1978). Hoodoo – Conjuration – Witchcraft – Rootwork, 5 vols. — Interviews collected 1936–1940.
  • U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of Florida (December 8, 2022). Fortune Telling Fraud Scheme Leads to Prison for Orchestrators. — Sentences of 30 and 38 months; $3.198 million in restitution; the claimed curse was on the victim and her family.
  • U.S. Postal Inspection Service, guidance on psychic and fortune-telling fraud. — Escalating payment demands and money handled as part of the remedy are named markers.

Questions about anything here, or about our ritual work: 28@templeofdesire.com.

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